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To understand who we are today is only possible by understanding where we’ve been and how far we’ve come. The same goes for therapy. Since Talkspace was founded in 2012, more than one million users have benefited from our text and video therapy that connect participants with licensed therapists.Early OriginsEven before the written language, people told stories and parables. It’s an ancient tradition that often served as a kind of therapy, helping others heal while passing on indelible wisdom to support others. More than 3,500 years ago, references to “healing through words” appeared in ancient Egyptian and Greek writings. The word “counseling” found its way into Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath’s Tale in 1386.The more formal term “psychotherapy” was coined in the late 1800s, which the Mayo Clinic defines as a “general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health provider.” It’s during psychotherapy where participants examine their moods, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, while learning how to take control and respond to challenging situations in a healthy way.In 1879, an article in The Lancet, an international medical journey, suggested that telephone calls could reduce unnecessary doctor visits. It was the first known time that telehealth — the ability to conveniently receive treatment remotely — was noted publicly and professionally. Less than a decade later, one of the most famous psychotherapists of all time, Sigmund Freud, founded psychoanalysis.Key PlayersWhile Freud represents an often-cited, prominent name in psychology, Viennese physician Franz Mesmer is considered the “Father of Western Psychotherapy.” He pioneered hypnotherapy in the 1700s to treat psychosomatic problems and other disorders. The word “mesmerize” is traced to Mesmer, who established a theory of illness that involved internal magnetic forces, a school of thought which later became known as mesmerism.
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Freud’s belief system greatly influenced 20th-century thinking where many ailments began to be treated psychologically rather than physically. Freudian theory is still applied in many fields, from Freudian readings of literary works to pop-culture hot takes.Rise of New TherapiesAs a counter to the often dramatic practices of psychoanalysis, behaviorism rose in popularity throughout the mid-1900s. It stated that mental processes were irrelevant and that it is healthy behaviors that make people feel better.B.F. Skinner, the American Psychological Association’s most eminent psychologist of the 20th century, was a leader in this movement. He refined the concept of operant conditioning and the Law of Effect and explored schedules of reinforcement and complex behavioral sequences.Among his contributions was a systematic exploration of intermittent schedules of reinforcement, the shaping of novel behavior through successive approximations, the chaining of complex behavioral sequences via learned reinforcers, and “superstitious” (accidentally reinforced) behavior.Around the same time that Skinner created his famous Skinner Box in the 1930s to study operant and classical conditioning, Carl Rogers introduced client-centered therapy. He found that the relationship between practitioner and client was key, and that practitioners should be non-judgmental and non-prescriptive. This process encouraged self-actualization or fulfillment of one’s highest needs.